![]() (4) These results tend to rule out the hypothesis that the facilitative effect of alternatives results from an actual modification of perception and support the hypothesis that they operate either on the memory trace or response aspects of the recognition process. (3) The facilitative effect of DA was consistently greater than that of the SA at all exposure times, but there was no evidence of an interaction effect between the type of alternative and when it was presented in relation to the stimulus exposure. Gravity is no longer thought of as a force, as in the Newtonian system, but as a cause of a warping of space-time, an effect described explicitly by a. Einstein’s general theory of relativity (1916) again makes use of a four-dimensional space-time, but incorporates gravitational effects. ![]() In every inertial reference frame, all physical laws remain unchanged. (2) Alternatives before and after the stimulus facilitated recognition to an equal extent. Every set of coordinates, or particular space-time event, in such a universe is described as a here-now or a world point. The results and the interpretations made were as follows: (1) The two groups with alternatives were superior to the control group without alternatives in accuracy of recognition even when allowance was made for guessing. The alternatives were of two types: very similar alternatives (SA) all suggesting perceptually similar objects, and discrete alternatives (DA) all suggesting perceptually different objects. One experimental group had the alternatives presented before the stimulus exposure and the other group following the exposure. The control group had no alternatives presented to it, whereas the two experimental groups each had a set of four alternatives specified for each stimulus. Sixty subjects (Ss), divided into three groups of 20 each, were shown tachistoscopically presented pictures at various exposure intervals and asked to identify them. They did so because of a strong tendency to infer that an attribute absent from an instance was not in the concept. Ss receiving a negative instance task used correct formal strategies less frequently and incorrect concrete strategies more frequently than Ss receiving a positive instance task. ![]() Three types of strategies were discovered: formal strategies consisting of correct deductive reasoning, concrete strategies consisting of unintegrated inferences from particular pieces of information, and nonprocessing strategies in which no inferences were drawn. These measures were Ss’ responses indicating their conclusions about the concept as they developed during the course of the task, and Ss’ reports, using stimulated recall after the task, of their reasoning used to infer these conclusions from the information given in the task. ![]() In this study novel dependent variables were used to provide a broad data base from which Ss’ strategies could be inferred. Previous investigators have speculated about strategies of reasoning which might account for poorer proficiency in concept identification from negative than from positive instances. ![]()
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